Preventing young sudden cardiac deaths through awareness, screening and research, and supporting affected families.

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    • After a Young Sudden Cardiac Death
      • Bereavement Support
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      • Coroner Inquest Support
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      • myheart – Support Network
  • Cardiac Screening
    • Frequently Asked Questions
  • Research
    • CRY’s Research
    • Research Fellows
    • Research Fellowship Grants
    • CRY International Conference
  • Medical Information
    • Resources for GPs
    • Sample ECGs
    • myheart – Support Network
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CRY has contributed to the following papers, reports, abstracts and conference proceedings. All these articles have been authored (or co-authored) by cardiologists, doctors and research fellows working closely with CRY.

Where possible, a link has been provided to the abstract and / or full text of the article. Where no link is available, you may be able to get hold of the article via your nearest public / university library. References are listed by year of publication.

Professor Sanjay Sharma – CRY Consultant Cardiologist

Professor Sanjay Sharma

I have been involved with CRY since 1996 and they have facilitated several research projects relating to regional/national British athletes. Most of the work was generated from cardiovascular evaluation of athletes as part of a screening programme aimed to identify disorders capable of causing sudden cardiac death. We evaluated several thousand athletes aged 14-35 years and had many “firsts” in the scientific literature.

  • CRY were the first to provide information on the physiological upper limits of cardiac dimensions in adult National British athletes (Published in European Journal of Applied Physiology).
  • CRY were the first organisation ever to characterise cardiac dimensions in a large cohort of adolescent athletes, who are most vulnerable to sudden death during sport from cardiomyopathy. Landmark studies in the Journal of American College of Cardiology and Heart are the main international studies on this subject.
  • CRY wrote the first paper on ECG changes in adolescent athletes (1000 athletes studied) which was published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine and is a blueprint for the European Society of Sports Cardiology.
  • CRY have performed the only study on cardiovascular adaptation in athletes of West African origin. The results show that ECGs in black athletes are quite different to those in white athletes and could be mistaken for serious cardiac disorder.
  • CRY are the first organisation to state the prevalence and significance of an isolated long QT interval in elite athletes. This study has called for revision of consensus guidelines published by the American College of Cardiology.
  • CRY is the first to describe the prevalence of HCM in elite athletes.

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) Consensus Statement on Periodic Health Evaluation of Elite Athletes

March 2009

The scope of the cardiovascular PHE is to detect potentially lethal cardiovascular disease in elite athletes and start appropriate management to reduce the risk for sudden cardiac death and/or disease progression in a timely fashion.

Research news from the CRY Research Highlights magazine

CRY's Papers and Publications

Diagnostic yield and financial implications of a nationwide electrocardiographic screening programme to detect cardiac disease in the young

Dhutia H, Malhotra A, Finnochiaro G, Parpia S, Bhatia R, D’Silva A, Gati S, Mellor G, Narain R, Chandra N, Behr E, Tome M, Papadakis M, Sharma S. EP Europace, February 2021 (Read the abstract of this

Read More »

Webinar 15.05.2020 Recording

Webinar Recording: Guidance for ‘Safe Exercise’ in the COVID-era & How to prepare for a return to sport Agenda Introductions – Dr Steven Cox Exercise

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Exercise and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Two incompatible entities?

Basu J Malhotra A Papadakis M Exercise and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Two incompatible entities? Clinical Cardiology, February 2020 {Paper} A greater understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms

Read More »

Exercise recommendations in patients with valvular heart disease

Gati S, Malhotra A, Sharma S Exercise recommendations in patients with valvular disease BMJ Heart, January 2019 {Abstract} Valvular heart disease affects approximately 3% of

Read More »

Dr Nabeel Sheikh discusses the role of genetic testing when evaluating athletes with abnormal ECG results.

Diagnostic Yield of Genetic Testing in Young Athletes with T-Wave Inversion Sheikh N et al., Diagnostic Yield of Genetic Testing in Young Athletes With T-Wave

Read More »

Sudden death and left ventricular in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy

Miles C, Finocchiaro G, Papadakis M, Gray B, Westaby J, Ensam B, Basu J, Parry-Williams G, Papatheodorou E, Paterson C, Malhotra A, Robertus JL, Ware

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Anomalous Coronary Artery Origin and Sudden Cardiac Death

Gherardo Finocchiaro, MD, Elijah R. Behr, MA, MBBS, Gaia Tanzarella, MD, Michael Papadakis, MBBS, MD, Aneil Malhotra, BSC, MBCHB, PHD, Harshil Dhutia, BSC, MBBS, Chris

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Research into sudden cardiac death in adolescent footballers Q&A with Dr Aneil Malhotra

How did you conduct your study? This study sought to investigate the incidence and causes of sudden cardiac death in adolescent football players in the

Read More »

Sudden Cardiac Death In Elite Footballers Higher Than Anticipated

• One in 50 players had a heart abnormality that needed ongoing monitoring • Almost three quarters of footballers diagnosed were able to return to

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The relationship between left ventricular structure and function in the elite rugby football league athlete as determined by conventional echocardiography and myocardial strain imaging

Forsythe L, MacIver DH, Johnson C, George K, Somauroo J, Papadakis M, Brown B, Qasem M, Oxborough D The relationship between left ventricular structure and function

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British Cardiovascular Society Conference 2018 – Dr Steven Cox

Once again the team of Cardiac Risk in the Young doctors led by Professor Sanjay Sharma have had a massive impact at the British Cardiac

Read More »

Ajmaline test Q&A with Dr Michael Papadakis

Dr Michael Papadakis answers some of your questions about their recent research publication identifying the importance of routine ajmaline testing after a SADS death. Q.

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A guideline update for the practice of echocardiography in the cardiac screening of sports participants: a joint policy statement from the British Society of Echocardiography and Cardiac Risk in the Young

David Oxborough, Daniel Augustine, Sabiha Gati, Keith George, Allan Harkness, Thomas Mathew, Michael Papadakis, Liam Ring, Shaun Robinson, Julie Sandoval, Rizwan Sarwar, Sanjay Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Nabeel Sheikh,

Read More »

The Diagnostic Yield of Brugada Syndrome After Sudden Death With Normal Autopsy

Michael Papadakis, Efstathios Papatheodorou, Greg Mellor, Hariharan Raju, Rachel Bastiaenen, Yanushi Wijeyeratne, Sara Wasim, Bode Ensam, Gherardo Finocchiaro, Belinda Gray, Aneil Malhotra, Andrew D’Silva, Nina

Read More »

Obesity and sudden cardiac death in the young: Clinical and pathological insights from a large national registry

Finocchiaro G, Papadakis M, Dhutia H, Cole D, Behr ER, Tome M, Sharma S, Sheppard MN Obesity and sudden cardiac death in the young: Clinical and

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Role of Doppler Diastolic Parameters in Differentiating Physiological Left Ventricular Hypertrophy from Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Finocchiaro G, Dhutia H, D’Silva A, Malhotra A, Sheikh N, Narain R, Ensam B, Papatheodorou S, Tome M, Sharma R, Papadakis M, Sharma S Role

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The Role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Assessment of Highly Trained Athletes

Gati S, Sharma S, Pennell D The Role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Assessment of Highly Trained Athletes JACC, February 2018 {Abstract}

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Response by Merghani et al to Letters Regarding Article, ‘Prevalence of Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease in Masters Endurance Athletes With a Low Atherosclerotic Risk Profile.’

Ahmed Merghani, Viviana Maestrini, Stefania Rosmini, Andrew T. Cox, Harshil Dhutia, Rachel Bastiaenan, Sarojini David, Tee Joo Yeo, Rajay Narain, Aneil Malhotra, Michael Papadakis, Mathew

Read More »

Impact of the International Recommendations for Electrocardiographic Interpretation on Cardiovascular Screening in Young Athletes

Dhutia H, Malhotra A, Finocchiaro G, Merghani A, Papadakis M, Naci H, Tome M, Sharma S. Impact of the international recommendations for electrocardiographic interpretation on

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Inter-Rater Reliability and Downstream Financial Implications of Electrocardiography Screening in Young Athletes

Background—Preparticipation screening for cardiovascular disease in young athletes with electrocardiography is endorsed by the European Society of Cardiology and several major sporting organizations. One of

Read More »

Utility of Post-Mortem Genetic Testing in Cases of Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome

Hariharan Raju, Michael Papadakis, Greg Mellor, Sanjay Sharma, Mary N. Sheppard, Elijah R. Behr Utility of Post-Mortem Genetic Testing in Cases of Sudden Arrhythmic Death

Read More »

International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes

Sanjay Sharma, Michael Papadakis International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes BJSM, March 2017 {Abstract}

Read More »

Sudden Cardiac Death in Pre-Excitation and Wolff-Parkinson-White

Gherardo Finocchiaro, Michael Papadakis, Elijah R. Behr, Sanjay Sharma, Mary Sheppard Sudden Cardiac Death in Pre-Excitation and Wolff-Parkinson-White JACC, March 2017 {Abstract}

Read More »

Pre-participation Cardiovascular Evaluation for Athletic Participants to Prevent Sudden Death: Position Paper from the EHRA and the EACPR, Branches of the ESC. Endorsed by APHRS, HRS, and SOLAECE

Lluís Mont, Antonio Pelliccia, Sanjay Sharma Alessandro Biffi, Mats Borjesson, Josep Brugada Terradellas, Francois Carré, Eduard Guasch, Hein Heidbuchel, André La Gerche, Rachel Lampert, William

Read More »

Anterior T-Wave Inversion in Young White Athletes and Nonathletes: Prevalence and Significance

Aneil Malhotra, Harshil Dhutia, Sabiha Gati, Tee-Joo Yeo, Helder Dores, Rachel Bastiaenen, Rajay Narain, Ahmed Merghani, Gherardo Finocchiaro, Nabeel Sheikh, Alexandros Steriotis, Abbas Zaidi, Lynne

Read More »

Preparticipation Cardiac Screening in Young Athletes: In Search of the Golden Chalice

Papadakis M, Sharma S Preparticipation Cardiac Screening in Young Athletes: In Search of the Golden Chalice The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, January 2017 {Abstract}

Read More »

Circumstances of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – Dr Gherardo Finocchiaro, ESC Congress 2016

Read More »

Costs should not stand in way of screening for hidden heart conditions

New research confirms screening IS cost effective and should be made available to ALL teens and young adults The Government has “got it wrong” when

Read More »

Management of young competitive athletes with cardiovascular conditions

Andrew D’Silva, Sanjay Sharma Management of young competitive athletes with cardiovascular conditions BMJ, November 2016 {Abstract}

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Ethical considerations for genetic testing in the context of mandated cardiac screening before athletic participation

Magavern EF, Badalato L, Finocchiaro G, Borry P. Ethical considerations for genetic testing in the context of mandated cardiac screening before athletic participation PubMed, September

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Comparison of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Afro-Caribbean versus white patients in the UK

Nabeel Sheikh, Michael Papadakis, Vasileios F Panoulas, Keerthi Prakash, Lynne Millar, Paolo Adami, Abbas Zaidi, Sabiha Gati, Mathew Wilson, Gerald Carr-White, Maria Teresa Esteban Tomé,

Read More »

Latest research by CRY leads to major advance in the future of heart screening for young people

Published research funded by the charity CRY is improving the way young people are screened and leading to significant cost savings Important research funded by

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Cost Implications of Using Different ECG Criteria for Screening Young Athletes in the United Kingdom

Harshil Dhutia, Aneil Malhotra, Vincent Gabus, Ahmed Merghani, Gherardo Finocchiaro, Lynne Millar, Rajay Narain, Michael Papadakis, Huseyin Naci, Maite Tome, Sanjay Sharma Cost Implications of

Read More »

Results of a nationally implemented de novo cardiac screening programme in elite rugby players in England

Saqib Ghani, Michael Papadakis, Simon Kemp, Abbas Zaidi, Nabeel Sheikh, Sabiha Gati, Hariharan Raju, Andy Smith, Corin Palmer, John Somauroo, Sanjay Sharma Results of a

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The Prevalence and Significance of the Early Repolarization Pattern in Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome Families

Mellor G, Nelson CP, Robb C, Raju H, Wijeyeratne Y, Hengstenberg C, Reinhard W, Papadakis M, Sharma S, Samani NJ, Behr ER. The Prevalence and

Read More »

Whole exome sequence analysis reveals a homozygous mutation in PNPLA2 as the cause of severe dilated cardiomyopathy secondary to neutral lipid storage disease

M. Muggenthaler, E. Petropoulou, S. Omer, M.A. Simpson, H. Sahak, A. Rice, H. Raju, F.J. Conti, L.R. Bridges, L.J. Anderson, S. Sharma, E.R. Behr, Y.

Read More »

Etiology of Sudden Death in Sports

Gherardo Finocchiaro, MD; Michael Papadakis, MBBS, MD; Jan-Lukas Robertus, MD; Harshil Dhutia, MBBS; Alexandros Klavdios Steriotis, MD, PhD; Maite Tome, MD, PhD; Greg Mellor, MBChB;

Read More »

CRY Research Fellow’s paper receives praise from leading cardiologist

CRY research continues to underline the importance of cardiac screening for athletes After a successful three days at the BCS Annual Conference (June 6 – 8

Read More »

Exercise and Inherited Arrhythmias

Christopher C. Cheung, MD, Zachary W.M. Laksman, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Gregory Mellor, MA, MB BChir MRCP, Shubhayan Sanatani, MD, FRCPC, Andrew D. Krahn, MD, Exercise

Read More »

Calls for wider cardiac screening as new research confirms it’s not just athletes and “sporty” young people at risk

Published papers conclude that sudden arrhythmic death (SADS) is more common ‘at rest’ or whilst sleeping than during excessive exercise Researchers funded by the charity,

Read More »

Comparison of three current sets of electrocardiographic interpretation criteria for use in screening athletes

Nathan R Riding, Nabeel Sheikh, Carmen Adamuz, Victoria Watt, Abdulaziz Farooq, Gregory P Whyte, Keith P George, Jonathan A Drezner, Sanjay Sharma, Mathew G Wilson

Read More »

CRY Parliamentary Reception 2014

The Terrace Marquee, Westminster – 26th November. Guest of Honour: Lee Mears, former England rugby union international.             CRY’s 2014

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Cardiac Screening of Young Athletes Prior to Participation in Sports. Difficulties in Detecting the Fatally Flawed Among the Fabulously Fit

Sanjay Sharma, Ahmed Merghani, Sabiha Gati Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), November 2014 Click here to view the article

Read More »

Interpretation of Repolarisation Changes on a Young Athlete's ECG

Dr Nabeel Sheikh talk from the European Society of Cardiology Conference 2014. Interpretation of Repolarisation Changes on a Young Athlete’s ECG.  

Read More »

CRY Research Fellow Dr Sabiha Gati wins award at EuroPRevent 2013

18th – 20th April 2013 We are delighted to report that CRY Research Fellow Dr Sabiha Gati won the Judges’ Choice award at the EuroPRevent

Read More »

Impact of ethnicity on cardiac adaptation to exercise

Sheikh, N. and Sharma, S. “Impact of ethnicity on cardiac adaptation to exercise.” Nature Reviews, Cardiology February 2014 [Abstract]

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The prevalence of ECG anomalies in young individuals; Relevance to a nationwide cardiac screening program

Chandra, N., Bastiaenen, R., Papadakis, M., Panoulas, V.F., Ghani, S., Duschl, J., Foldes, D., Raju, H., Osborne, R. and Sharma, S. “The prevalence of ECG

Read More »

Comparison of ECG Criteria for the Detection of Cardiac Abnormalities in Elite Black and White Athletes

Sheikh, N., Papadakis, M., Ghani, S., Zaidi, A., Gati, S., Adami, P., Carre, F., Schnell, F., Avila, P., Wilson, M., McKenna, W. and Sharma, S.

Read More »

Recurrent repolarisation abnormalities in an athlete

Jongman, J.K., Sheikh, N., Zaidi, A. and Sharma, S. “Recurrent repolarisation abnormalities in an athlete.” Netherlands Heart Journal November 2013 [Full Text]

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Require Young Athletes to Undergo Cardiac Screening before Participation in Sports

Sharma, S. “Require Young Athletes to Undergo Cardiac Screening before Participation in Sports.” (in ‘Clinical Decisions – Cardiac Screening before Participation in Sports’) The New England

Read More »

Preventing young sudden cardiac deaths through awareness, screening and research, and supporting affected families.

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